On the night when Paul Freire died on 3 May 1997, Rosa María Torres wrote this text, already published in Issue 53 of our journal, as a personal memorial. The author has updated the text for the 10th anniversary of his death.
“They don’t understand me,” he told me during an interview in São Paulo back in 1985. “They don’t understand what I have said, what I say, what I have written.”2 Mystified by some, demonized by others, misunderstood by many, Paulo Freire often distanced himself from the images about him and his work that came from both theoreticians and practitioners, left wing and right wing, all over the world. Over and over again he asked his critics – but he might as well have asked his followers – to contextualize his work historically, to acknowledge the evolution of his thought and his self-criticism, and to allow him, in sum, the right to continue thinking, learning and living beyond his books and, in particular, beyond Education as a Practice of Liberty (1967) and Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1969), two of his most famous books, and where many, admirers and critics, left him virtually suspended. The Paulo Freire of the last few decades, he who died last 2 May 1997, is just as or even more alive than that of the 60s and 70s, although unfortunately unknown by the majority of the people.3
Followers and detractors have often coincided in reducing Freire to a caricature of himself, locking up his thought in a single field (generally, that of adult literacy), reducing it to a number of clichés, and even to a method and a set of related techniques. Around the world, Freire evokes terms such as literacy, adult education, conscientization, dialogue, banking approach to education, circle of culture, generative word and generative theme, thematic universe, action-reflectionaction, praxis, coding and decoding, participatory research, critical knowledge and critical reflection, dialectical relationship, speaking the word, transforming reality, pedagogy of the oppressed, culture of silence, cultural invasion, cultural liberation.
Some refer to Paulo Freire’s method (or methodology), others to Paulo Freire’s theory, others to Paulo Freire’s pedagogy, others to Paulo Freire’s philosophy (and philosophical anthropology), others to Paulo Freire’s program, others to Paulo Freire’s system. I asked him once which of those denominations he felt most comfortable with. “None of them”, he answered. “I didn’t invent a method, or a theory, or a program, or a system, or a pedagogy, or a philosophy. It is people who put names to things.”4
A citizen of the world, the name of Freire remained closely linked to Latin America. In Europe, North America, Africa and Asia many educators identify Latin America with Paulo Freire just as many others associate it with the salsa, the guerrilla, the revolution, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Pelé or Maradona. And yet, it is probably in Latin America, and particularly in Brazil, his own country, where Freire has been the object of both the warmest reception and the hardest criticism. In life and in death, his ideas and positions generated and will continue to generate strong sentiments, passionate adherents and rejecters, very different and even diametrically opposed interpretations. For some, a subversive, a revolutionary, thus confronting prison and exile, and associated by many with Marxism, socialism and even communism. For others, a romantic and an idealist, a lukewarm “humanist and culturalist,” an ideologue of conscientization without a clear political base and proposal for social transformation.5 For some, a complex and advanced educational philosophy, theory and praxis. For others, an incomplete thinking, lacking scientific rigor, and in need of further theoretical elaboration.
“Teaching does not mean transferring knowledge but creating opportunities for… producing and constructing it.” Freire |
Inside and outside of Latin America, many admirers credit Freire with insights and developments that form part of the historic legacy of democratic and progressive educational thinking worldwide and in which Freire himself found sources of inspiration. There are thus those who believe to be original Freirean contributions issues such as the respect for the learner and his/her knowledge, the acknowledgment of the learner’s reality as the starting point for the teaching-learning process,6 the importance of dialogue as a pedagogical tool, and even the invention of terms such as “praxis” 7or “conscientization”. 8 Others, on the other extreme, deny him all originality or else have long claimed to have “surpassed” Freire, either on theoretical, politicalideological or pedagogical grounds, particularly in the field of literacy and adult education. Thus, from the early 70s and up to now many have proclaimed they have surpassed Freire’s literacy method, a method seen by some simply as a set of techniques (generative word, dialogue between teachers and learners, coding and decoding of pictures, etc.) 9 and by others as a broad philosophical-ideological framework (conscientization, critical thinking, unity of theory and practice, social transformation, liberation project, etc.).10 Also, while most people see Freire as the main instigator and inspirer of the Latin American movement of educación popular [popular education], many within the movement see it rooted in a critical approach to Freire’s work.
The generalized perception of Freire is that of somebody linked to adult education; somebody who created an adult literacy method (known indistinguishably as Paulo Freire’s method, psychosocial method or reflection-criticism method) that teaches adults to read in a relatively short time not only from the primer but also from reality; who proposed dialogue and horizontal relationship between teachers and learners, and encouraged active learning; who defended education as conscientization and conscientization for the liberation of the illiterate and of the poor.
However, Freire rejected many of those perceptions as false readings of his ideas. Probably surprising for many, Freire never claimed to have created a method – a literacy method or an educational method in general – much less elaborated a pedagogy, a theory of teaching and learning. He reiterated that his analysis and his criticism of what he termed “banking education” did not refer only to adult education but to education as a whole.
Adult literacy – he always repeated – was only an entry point that allowed him to look critically at the totality of education.
“Many people think I have developed some of these issues because I am a specialist in adult literacy. No, no, no. It is not. Of course, adult literacy is something that I studied deeply, but I studied it because of a social necessity in my country, as a challenge. Secondly, I studied adult literacy in the frame of reference of education and in the frame of reference of the theory of knowledge, not as something in itself, because it does not exist as such…” (1979)11
He distanced himself from those who, often quoting his work, understand as equivalent popular education and adult education, educational change and non-formal education.
“Popular education cannot be confused with or restricted to adults. What defines popular education is not the learners’ age but the political option…” (1985)
He emphatically denied having promoted the idea of non-directive education, where teachers and learners are considered equal and where the role of the teacher is eliminated.
“The educator who says that he or she is equal to his or her learners is either a demagogue, lies or is incompetent. Education is always directive, and this is already said in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed…” (1985)
Freire has been analyzed in the framework of, and compared to, the great pedagogues and thinkers linked to education. Many associated him with the “active school” movement and some of its most prominent promoters (Dewey, Decroly, Montessori, Claparède, Freinet). Others put Illich’s and Freire’s names together around Illich’s de-schooling. In both cases, Freire responded differentiating himself both from the “active school”:
“The ‘active school’ brought many important contributions at the methodological level. It criticized the relationship between teachers and learners, and also criticized the fragmentation of traditional schooling, but did not go beyond that criticism. I criticize also the capitalist production mode…” (1985)
and from the de-schooling approach, since Freire’s proposal was never to deny or eliminate the school but rather to transform it.
“The impression one gets when one studies Illich is that the school, as an institution, appears as possessing a demoniac essence, which would mean that it is immutable. It is only when we analyze
the ideological force that is behind the school as an institution that
we can understand what it is but may be otherwise…” (1985)
Freire was sensitive to both criticism and self-criticism around his work. In numerous opportunities he acknowledged naïveté, subjectivity, ambiguity, and lack of political-ideological clarity in his early writings, and a margin of personal responsibility in what he perceived as “appropriations” or false interpretations of his ideas. In particular, he referred many times to the naïveté of his initial notion of conscientization. “I was ideologized as an intellectual petit bourgeois,” he admitted in 1973. “I started to worry about the use of the term ’conscientization’. The corruption that word suffered in Latin America and in Europe was such, that I have not used it for the last five years,” he said in 1974. “A less naive reading of the world does not yet imply a commitment to its transformation, much less transformation as such, as idealist thinking might pretend,” he insisted in 1986, when he received UNESCO’s Education for Peace award in Paris.
The validity (or not) of Freire’s ideas is an issue that has been debated for a while. In the case of Latin America, the field is again divided between those who view Freire’s thought as surpassed and tied to a definite context and historical moment, and those who defend the contemporary relevance of his work. A glance at Latin American educational production and development over the past three decades throws some light on this issue.
“This should be the legitimate dream of every author – to be read, discussed, criticized, improved and reinvented by their readers.” Freire |
With regards to the specific field of adult literacy/education, during the 70s and until the mid 80s most of the programs and campaigns mentioned Freire and said they were somehow inspired in his ideas. Within the educación popular movement Freire was an inevitable reference, whether to adopt him, to adapt him, or to reject him. Within the framework of the acknowledged “crisis” of this movement and the efforts to “re-found” it, some proposed to leave Freire behind while others called for a critical re-reading of Freire’s work, with a contemporary mind.12
The increasing impulse gained by child literacy, fueled by renovated theories, approaches and methodologies within the school system and the classroom, reactivated the mention and debate around Freire, and the comparison of Freire’s ideas with authors such as Piaget, Vigotski, or Ferreiro in this region. From this encounter between adult literacy and child literacy some assertions emerged regarding the proximity of some of Freire’s ideas and those from constructivism around issues such as the respect for the world and the experience of the learner, literacy acquisition as a creative process that involves the appropriation of knowledge and not only of reading and writing techniques, and the learning of the written language as inseparable from context.13
With respect to education in general, a glance at the intellectual production linked to Latin American education over the last three decades reveals that the mention of Freire, abundant in the 70s and until the mid 80s, has sensibly diminished and even disappeared. This decline coincides with that of the ideas that oriented Latin America’s education at that time, namely around objectives of development,
democratization and social transformation. In this context, not only Freire has disappeared but many other thinkers of education – from fields as varied as Philosophy, Sociology, History, Political Science, Anthropology, or Linguistics – who have been gradually substituted by the thinking of economists, administrators and policy-makers, multinational literature reviews, macro studies focused on quantitative research and information, and new actors in the international scenario of education such as the World Bank.14
Nevertheless, Freire – his presence, his ideas, his influence on the ideas of others – never ceased to be in force. Despite those who froze him in the 70s and walled him within the walls of adult literacy,15 over these last three decades Freire remained alive, learning and advancing; he left – obligarorily – his native Brazil in 1964 and came back in 1990, after getting to know the world, ready “to re-learn everything”, as he then said. Between 1989 and 1992 he was Secretary of Education in the Municipality of São Paulo, the most populous city in Brazil (30 million people). He lost his first wife, Elza, and re-married – “Nita brought me to life again,” he told me once – produced many books, participated in numerous associations, groups and committees, and received countless international awards and honors, including the Comenius Medal, awarded by UNESCO, in 1994.
Adult literacy and adult education – in which many of his followers and critics remained trapped, and to which everyone seems to push him back inexorably – stayed in the background. His readings, worries and reflections widened and penetrated the most varied fields, always amassed with his previous work, but in continuous dialogue with the new times and realities. The Freire of the 80s and, especially, that of the 90s, is a Freire that deals with issues of education policy and with diverse aspects of school reform – finance, curriculum, pedagogy, teacher education, administration – within a search that always aimed at capturing the totality of the education phenomenon, beyond sectoral or fragmented approaches. Teachers became a central theme in his thoughts and work during his last years: his last books – in particular Profesora si, tía no: Cartas a quien pretende enseñar [Letters To Those Who Teach] (1993) and Pedagogía de la autonomía [Pedagogy of Autonomy] (1997) – were devoted to schoolteachers and teacher issues. Freire convinced the publisher to publish 30,000 copies of this book, his last book, and to sell it at 3 reales (3 US dollars) so that teachers could massively access it. The edition, in fact, was sold out in a few days.
As he corrected me during our 1985 interview in São Paulo, we are not faced with a schizophrenic Freire, divided in two: the first Freire, and the latter Freire. It is one single Freire in movement, in permanent state of learning and in continuous reflection over his own work. Mystified and demonized when he was just beginning, too easily and too rapidly converted into a theory and into a method, apologists and critics denied him in the end the right to err and to rectify, to advance and to perfect, to continue developing his thoughts, as must be allowed to any person, as is required by any serious and honest intellectual.
In fact, re-reading Freire is always finding something new. But to find something new, one must have advanced oneself since the last reading.
“Respect for everyone’s independence and dignity is an ethical imperative and not a favour that we may grant one another.” Freire |
Across the world, in the most diverse places and cultures, each person found in Freire essentially what he or she needed and wanted. And here is probably part of the explanation for the multiplicity of interpretations of his message. Nobody can and will agree on what Freire said or did not say. Freire himself could not have assumed – maybe even imagined – the innumerable tailor-made Freires people have been inventing all over the world.
From this perspective, it is irrelevant whether some understood Freire’s thoughts better than others. Maybe the greatest contribution of Paulo Freire is having been able to communicate and connect with the most loving and genuine fibers of so many people – a Babel of ages, races, religious beliefs, economic positions, ideologies, educational backgrounds and professions – and to help them see that there is something called education and something called poverty and oppression, that there is a relationship between them, and that this can be one to liberate or one to further oppress. Paulo, the great communicator, the great inspirer, helped millions of people discover and bring to the surface the best of themselves: their human, generous, compassionate side, the inner drive to become a volunteer, an inventor, a hero, a revolutionary. In a world where both wealth and poverty grow uncontrollably, where individualism annihilates common sense and the most basic human solidarity, where some proclaim not only the end of ideologies but the end of work, Freire continued to speak, to the very last minute, about hope, liberation and utopia, terms that many have archived as antiquated and obsolete.18
This is definitely what runs through his life and the grandness of his work: his message of hope, of struggle, of perseverance, of nonresignation. In life and in death Paulo Freire leaves us a legacy that is much greater, much more important and lasting than any educational theory or any literacy method.
1 The text has been additionally published in: Novedades Educativas, N° 96, Buenos Aires, 1997; Adult Basic Education and Training Journal, N° 3, Johannesburg, 1997; Convergence, “A Tribute to Paulo Freire”, Vol. XXXI, N° 1-2, ICAE, Toronto, 1998; Adult Education and Development, N° 53, IIZ/DVV, Bonn, 1999; Ana María Araújo Freire (org.), A Pedagogia da Libertação em Paulo Freire, Editora UNESP, Sao Paulo, 2001. See also the website of Instituto Fronesis www.fronesis.org
2 In: Rosa María Torres, Educación popular: Un encuentro con Paulo Freire [Popular Education: An Encounter With Paulo Freire], CECCA/CEDECO, Quito, 1986. See: www.fronesis.org
3 To assist the reader to follow this trajectory we register here chronologically some of Freire’s most important publications (some of them have not been published in English as yet, so titles provided are translations of the originals in Portuguese and/or Spanish; publishing dates correspond to original publications): Education as a Practice of Liberty (1967); Education and Conscientization: Rural Extension (1968); Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1969); Extension or Communication? Conscientization in Rural Areas (1969); Cultural Action for Freedom and Other Writings (1975); Pedagogy in Process: Letters to Guinea-Bissau (1977); The Importance of Reading (1982); On Education (Dialogues with Sergio Guimarães) (1982); The Politics of Education: Culture, Power and Liberation (1985); Pedagogy of the City (1991); Pedagogy of Hope: Reviving the ‘Pedagogy of the Oppressed’ (1993); Letters to Those Who Teach (1993); Letters to Cristina (1994); Pedagogy of Autonomy (1997).
4 Personal conversation with Paulo Freire in Rio de Janeiro, June 1992.
5 When I went to Cuba for the first time, in the early 1980s, in a study visit organized by the Cuban Ministry of Education, Freire was not an appreciated author there. On the contrary, he was severely criticized. His books were hardly known in the island. By then, Freire had already collaborated with the national literacy campaigns in revolutionary Nicaragua and in revolutionary Grenada, led respectively by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) and by the New Jewel Movement (NJM).
6 “Champion of a new teaching method, ‘Paulo Freire’s method’, in which the learner’s reality is taken into consideration in the context of the learning activity” (Hans Fuchtner, Frankfurt, in: M. Gadotti et. al. (org.), Paulo Freire: Uma Biobibliografía, [Paulo Freire: A BioBibliography] Cortez Editora-UNESCO-Instituto Paulo Freire, São Paulo, 1996, p. 51). Our translation from Portuguese.
7 “Praxis” is a term coined by Brazilian education theorist Paulo Freire. It means “the ongoing process of action and reflection of people upon their world in order to transform it”(in: Praxis, The Philabundance Newsletter, Philadelphia, Fall 1994). In reality, “praxis” is a term coined by the ancient Greeks, and later developed and profusely used within Marxist theory.
8 “Conscientization” was a term used by the ISEB (Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros) [Institute for High Brazilian Studies], created in 1955, and which gathered renowned Brazilian social scientists and thinkers concerned with national development and with the building of autonomous Brazilian thought. Freire was, however, the person who gave world resonance to the concept.
9 “Our method – and here we differ substantially from the mechanics followed by P. Freire – is 65% based on visual and aural dimensions, and only 15% based on the experience of language” (Operación Uspantán, “Materiales Necesarios”, Guatemala, s/f, mimeo). “The development of this new adult literacy methodology (ACTIONAID’s Participatory Rural Appraisal – PRA) arises out of a critique of the Freirean approach which has, ironically, become the new traditional approach to literacy” (Education Action, Nº 2, Action Aid, London, July 1994, p.3). In fact, the REFLECT method created by Action Aid and spread in many countries in the world, claims to have “regenerated Freire”. The F refers to Freire and the R to Regenerated (REFLECT: Regenerated Freirian Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques).
10 “The literacy method we are going to use is not only a ‘conscientization’ method, since consciousness alone does not lead anywhere. It is a ’dynamization’ method that aims at dynamizing the action and reflection of the people” (Equipo de Educación de la Coordinadora de Refugiados Salvadoreños en Costa Rica, Cuaderno de Orientaciones para el Alfabetizador, San José, 1982).
11 “To Know and to Be: A Dialogue with Paulo Freire”, Youth Affairs, New Delhi, June 1979.
12 On the latter posture, see for example: Rosa María Torres, Educación popular: Un encuentro con Paulo Freire, CECCA/CEDECO, Quito, 1986, and “From Criticism to Constructiveness: Popular Education, School and Éducation for All¨”, in: Adult Education and Development, No. 47, IIZ/DVV, Bonn, 1996; Pedro Pontual, “A contribução de Paulo Freire no debate sobre a refundamentação da Educação Popular”, Vitoria, 1996 (mimeo); Raúl Aramendi, “An Uninvited Speaker is Asked to Leave, But He Doesn’t Go...”, in: Adult Education and Development, No. 47, IIZ/DVV, Bonn, 1996.
13 See, for example: UNESCO-OREALC, Alternativas de alfabetización en América Latina y el Caribe [Alternatives in Literacy in Latin America and the Caribbean] (Seminario Regional, Brasilia, 1987), Santiago, 1988; Regina Hara, Alfabetizaçåo de adultos. Ainda um desafio [Adult Literacy: An Ongoing Challenge], CEDI, São Paulo, 1991; Vera Maria M. Ribeiro et..al., Metodologia da alfabetização: pesquisas em educação de jovens e adultos [Literacy Methodology: Research with Youth and Adult Education], CEDI-Papirus, Sao Paulo, 1992; Fernando Becker, “Da ação a operação: O caminho da aprendizagem: Jean Piaget e Paulo Freire” Universidade de São Paulo [From Action to Operation: The Road to Learning: Jean Piaget and Paulo Freire], tesis doctoral, 1983 (mimeo).
14 Analyses of the education reform processes of the 70s in Latin America usually devote a special chapter to Freire and his influence in that context and moment. (See, for example: Germán Rama (coord.), Mudanças educacionáis na América Latina, Situaçôes e condiçôes [Educational change in Latin America: Situations and Conditions], UNESCO-CEPAL-PNUD, Ediçôes Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 1983). Literature on the education reforms in the 90s shows an entirely different set of bibliographic entries, with hardly any references to the past.
15 The literature review on adult literacy prepared by the World Bank (see: Helen Abadzi, What We Know About Acquisition of Adult Literacy: Is There Hope?, World Bank Discussion Papers, No. 245, Washington, D.C., 1994) includes in the bibliography Freire’s classical Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968) and makes a single mention of Freire, within the chapter devoted to Motivation: “Psychological research suggests that among the very poor, learned helplessness may be a motivational constraint. It is this situation that the famous literacy promoter, Paulo Freire, tried to ameliorate by raising the consciousness of the poor regarding their predicaments and by teaching them how the related words were spelled (for example, ’poverty’, ’landlord’).”
Both facts – suspending Freire in the 60s and understanding conscientization in these terms, namely a technique to improve the motivation of the poor towards literacy instruction – only reveal lack of information and understanding of Freire, his work and his contribution to the field of literacy.
16 Didacus Jules, “Education as Conscientization: A Case Study of a Prison Literacy Project in St. Lucia”, Folk Research Center, St. Lucia, 1978.
17 In: Guillermina Tiaramonti, “Descentralización educativa en la Argentina: Entre la promesa y el desencanto” [Educational decentralization in Argentina: Between Promise and Disappointment], en: Viola Espínola (ed.), La construcción de lo local en los sistemas educativos descentralizados: Los casos de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Colombia [Building the Local in Decentralized Education Systems: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia], CIDE, Santiago, 1994, p. 95.
18 “I would like to die leaving a message of struggle,” he told me in a last interview conducted in 1994. (Published in Novedades Educativas, Nº 79, Buenos Aires, 1997). See it in Spanish in www.fronesis.org
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